V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) Potential Energy Calculator

V2G potential energy is calculated as: Available Energy = (Battery Capacity × DoD_V2G × Number_of_Vehicles) / Transmission_Efficiency. The practical DoD for V2G is typically 30-50% of battery capacity to preserve battery health and maintain driving range. For a standard EV with 60 kWh battery at 40% V2G DoD: Available per vehicle = 60 × 0.40 = 24 kWh. For a fleet of 1,000 vehicles: 1,000 × 24 = 24,000 kWh = 24 MWh. The real-time power capacity = Available Energy × C-rate. With a 7.2 kW V2G charger: Power per vehicle = 7.2 kW, Fleet power = 1,000 × 7.2 = 7.2 MW.

V2G cycling accelerates battery degradation through additional charge/discharge cycles. A Li-ion battery with 5,000 cycle life: each V2G cycle reduces lifespan by 0.02%. Research shows that optimized V2G with controlled DoD (30% max) adds only 3-5% additional degradation over the battery's life. The financial compensation ($500-1,500/year per vehicle) typically exceeds the accelerated degradation cost ($100-300/year). Key factors: (1) Limiting V2G DoD to 30% vs 50% halves degradation, (2) Smart scheduling that avoids V2G during high-SOC reduces stress, (3) Thermal management during V2G is critical.

V2G revenue depends on market participation: Frequency regulation: $1,500-3,000/year per vehicle (highest value, least battery degradation). Peak shaving: $500-1,200/year. Energy arbitrage: $300-800/year. Capacity market: $200-500/year. Total potential: $2,000-4,000/year per vehicle in optimal markets. For utilities, each EV providing V2G avoids $800-2,000/year in grid infrastructure costs. At 10% EV penetration, V2G can reduce peak generation needs by 5-8%. The value proposition improves as renewable penetration increases and grid flexibility needs grow.

V2G requires: (1) Bidirectional chargers ($3,000-6,000 each vs $500-1,000 for standard Level 2), (2) V2G-capable vehicles (increasingly standard: Nissan Leaf, Hyundai Ioniq 5, Ford F-150 Lightning support V2G/V2H), (3) Aggregation software to pool thousands of vehicles for grid services, (4) Utility interconnection agreements meeting IEEE 1547 standards, (5) Smart meters with net metering capability. Total infrastructure cost: $4,000-7,000 per participating vehicle. At fleet scale (1,000+ vehicles), costs drop to $2,500-4,000 per vehicle. The payback period is 2-4 years through grid service revenues.